A. with. The form ξύν rarely occurs in Hom., though it is not rare in compds. even when not required by the metre, as in ξυνέαξα, ξυνοχῇσιν, ξύμβλητο, ξύμπαντα; Hes. also uses ξύμπας, ξυνιέναι; in Ion. verse we find ξύν Thgn. 1063 (but σύν Id. 50), Sol. 19.3 (perh. old Attic), but σύν Archil. 4, cf. ξυνωνίη, συνίημι; in early Ion. Prose (including Inscrr., cf. SIG 1.2 (Abu Simbel, vi B.C.), 167.37 (Mylasa, iv B.C.), etc.) ξύν is only found in ξυνίημι Heraclit. 51, Democr. 95 (cf. ἀξύνετος, ἀξυνεσίη, ξύνεσις), and in the phrase ξὺν νῷ (νόῳ codd.) Heraclit. 114, Democr. 35; Hdt. has only σύν, and in codd. Hp. ξύν has weaker authority than σύν (i p.cxxv Kuehlewein); in the late Ionic of Aret., ξύν prevails over σύν; in Aeol. and Dor. it is rare, ξυνοίκην Sapph. 75; ξυναλίαξε Ar. Lys. 93; elsewh. Dor. σύν, Leg.Gort. 5.6, IG 9(1).334.47 (Locr., v B.C.), etc.; but in old Att. Inscrr. ξύν is the only form up to 500 B.C.; σύν appears in v B.C. and becomes usual towards the end; after 378 B.C. ξύν survives only in the formula γνώμην δὲ ξυμβάλλεσθαι κτλ.; the phrase ξὺν νῷ is found in Ar. Nu. 580, Pl. Cri. 48c, Men. 88b, R. 619b (σὺν E. Or. 909); otherwise, of Att. Prose writers Th. alone uses the preposition ξύν, Antipho and Lysias have ξυν- a few times in compds.; codd. Pl. have both ξυν- (Lg. 930a, al.) and συν-; in Antipho Soph. Oxy. 1364, Aristox., Arr., Ael., and Anon.Rhythm. ξυν- is very freq.; in Trag. both forms occur. The Prep. σύν gradually gave way to μετά with gen., so that whereas A. has 67 examples of σύν to 8 of μετά with gen., the proportions in Th. are 400 of μετά to 37 of σύν, in D. 346 of μετά to 15 of σύν, and in Arist. 300 of μετά to 8 of σύν: for these and other statistics see C. J. T. Mommsen, Beiträge zur Lehre von den griechischen Präpositionen (Frankfurt 1886-95): in Att. Prose and Com. σύν is restricted for the most part to signf. 8, 9 and a few phrases, such as σὺν θεῷ, σὺν (τοῖς) ὅπλοις; Xenophon uses it freely, having 556 examples to 275 of μετά; in Pap., NT, and later Prose its use is much less restricted (v. infr.).

1. in company with, together with, δεῦρό ποτʼ ἤλυθε . . σ. Μενελάῳ Il. 3.206; ξ. παιδὶ . . πύργῳ ἐφεστήκει 6.372; σ. τοῖσδε ὑπέκφυγον Od. 9.286; καταφθίσθαι σ. ἐκείνῳ 2.183; ἀπελαύνειν σ. τῷ στρατῷ Hdt. 8.101; ἐπαιδεύετο σ. τῷ ἀδελφῷ X. An. 1.9.2; σ. αὐτῷ σταυροῦσι δύο λῃστάς Ev.Marc. 15.27; οὐδένα ἔχω σ. ἐμοί PSI 10.1161.12 (iv A.D.).

2. with collat. notion of help or aid, σ. θεῷ with Godʼs help or blessing, as God wills, Il. 9.49; σ. σοί, πότνα θεά Od. 13.391; πέμψον δέ με σ. γε θεοῖσιν Il. 24.430, cf. 15.26; σ. θεῷ φυτευθεὶς ὄλβος Pi. N. 8.17; σ. θεῷ εἰρημένον spoken as by inspiration, Hdt. 1.86; σ. θεῷ δʼ εἰρήσεται Ar. Pl. 114; σ. θεῷ εἰπεῖν Pl. Tht. 151b, Prt. 317b; ξ. θεοῖς Th. 1.86; so σ. δαίμονι, σ. Ἀθήνῃ καὶ Διί, Il. 11.792, 20.192; σ. χαρίτεσσιν Pi. N. 9.54, cf. P. 9.2; ξ. τῷ θεῷ πᾶς καὶ γελᾷ κὠδύρεται S. Aj. 383; also θεοῦ σ. παλάμᾳ, σ. θεοῦ τύχᾳ, Pi. O. 10(11).21, N. 6.24: generally, of personal cooperation, σ. σοὶ φραζέσθω let him consult with you, Il. 9.346; λοχησάμενος σ. ἑταίρῳ Od. 13.268; ξ. τῇ βουλῇ in consultation with the Council, IG 12.63.17; σ. τινὶ μάχεσθαι fight at his side, X. Cyr. 5.3.5, cf. HG 4.1.34; σ. τινὶ εἶναι or γίγνεσθαι to be with another, i.e.on his side, of his party, Id. An. 3.1.21, Smp. 5.10; οἱ σ. αὐτῷ his friends, followers, Id. An. 1.2.15, cf. Act.Ap. 14.4, etc.

3. furnished with, endued with, σ. μεγάλῃ ἀρετῇ ἐκτήσω ἄκοιτιν Od. 24.193; πόλιν θεοδμάτῳ σ. ἐλευθερίᾳ ἔκτισσε Pi. P. 1.61.

4. of things that belong, or are attached, to a person, σ. νηΐ or σ. νηυσί, i.e. on board ship, Il. 1.389, 179, etc.; σ. νηυσὶν ἀλαπάξαι, opp. πεζός, 9.328 (so in Prose, σ. ναυσὶ προσπλεῖν X. HG 2.2.7, etc.); σ. ἵπποισιν καὶ ὄχεσφιν Il. 5.219; esp. of arms, μιν κατέκηε σ. ἔντεσι 6.418; στῆ δʼ εὐρὰξ σ. δουρί 15.541; ἀντιβίην or ἀντίβιον σ. ἔντεσι or σ. τεύχεσι πειρηθῆναι, 5.220, 11.386; σ. ἔντεσι μάρνασθαι 13.719; σκῆπτρον, σ. τῷ ἔβη 2.47; ἄγγελος ἦλθε . . σ. ἀγγελίῃ ib.787; σ. (or ξ.) ὅπλοις Th. 2.2, al., Pl. Lg. 947c, Aen.Tact. 17.1; σ. (or ξ.) τοῖς ὅπλοις Th. 2.90, 4.14, Hell.Oxy. 10.1, Pl. Lg. 763a, Aen.Tact. 11.8; σ. ἐγχειριδίοις Hell.Oxy. 10.2; ξ. ξιφιδίῳ καὶ θώρακι Th. 3.22; ξ. ἑνὶ ἱματίῳ Id. 2.70; in some such cases σ. is little more than expletive, as σ. τεύχεσι θωρηχθέντες Il. 8.530, etc.: with αὐτός (cf. αὐτός I.5), chiefly in Hom., ἀνόρουσεν αὐτῇ σ. φόρμιγγι Il. 9.194, cf. 14.498; αὐτῷ σ. τε λίνῳ καὶ ῥήγεϊ Od. 13.118.

5. of things accompanying, or of concurrent circumstances, ἄνεμος σ. λαίλαπι Il. 17.57, cf. Od. 12.408; of coincidence in time, ἄκρᾳ σ. ἑσπέρᾳ Pi. P. 11.10; καιρῷ σ. ἀτρεκεῖ ib.8.7; σ. τῷ χρόνῳ προϊόντι X. Cyr. 8.7.6; in the course of, κείνῳ σ. ἄματι B. 10.23, cf. 125, Pi. Fr. 123.

6. of necessary connexion or consequence, σὺν μεγάλῳ ἀποτεῖσαι to pay with a great loss, i.e. suffer greatly, Il. 4.161; δημοσίῳ σ. κακῷ with loss to the public, Thgn. 50; σ. τῷ σῷ ἀγαθῷ to your advantage, X. Cyr. 3.1.15; ὤλοντο . . σὺν μιάς ματι with pollution, S. Ant. 172; to denote agreement, in accordance with, σ. τῷ δικαίῳ καὶ καλῷ X. An. 2.6.18; σ. δίκᾳ Pi. P. 9.96; σ. κόσμῳ Hdt. 8.86, Arist. Mu. 398b23; σ. τάχει S. El. 872, etc.

7. of the instrument or means, with the help of, by means of, σ. ἐλαίῳ φαρμακώσαισα Pi. P. 4.221; διήλλαχθε σ. σιδάρῳ A. Th. 885 (lyr.); πλοῦτον ἐκτήσω ξ. αἰχμῇ Id. Pers. 755 (troch.); ἡ [τῶν φίλων] κτῆσίς ἐστιν οὐδαμῶς σ. τῇ βίᾳ X. Cyr. 8.7.13; ξ. ἐπαίνῳ Th. 1.84.

8. including, κεφάλαιον σ. ἐπωνίοις IG 12.329.5, cf. 22.1388.85, 1407.12, al.; τοῦ Πειραιῶς ξ. Μουνυχίᾳ Th. 2.13, cf. 4.124, 5.26, 74, 7.42, 8.90, 95; δισχίλιαι γάρ εἰσι (sc. δραχμαὶ) σ. ταῖς Νικίου Ar. Fr. 100; ἀνήλωσα σ. τῇ τῆς σκευῆς ἀναθέσει ἑκκαίδεκα μνᾶς Lys. 21.4, cf. 2; αἶγας ἀπέδοτο σ. τῷ αἰπόλῳ τριῶν καὶ δέκα μνῶν Is. 6.33, cf. 8.8,35, 11.42,46, Aeschin. 2.162, D. 19.155, 27.23,al., Arist. HA 525b15,17, Ath. 19.6, Hipparch. 1.1.9, al., PSI 10.1124.14 (ii A.D.).

9. excluding, apart from, plus, ἓξ ἐμοὶ σ. ἑβδόμῳ six with (but not including) me the seventh, A. Th. 283; αἱ γὰρ καμπαὶ τέτταρες, ἢ δύο σ. τοῖς πτερυγίοις Arist. HA 490a32; σ. τοῖς ἀρχαίοις τὸν οἶκον ἐκ τῶν προσόδων μείζω ποιῆσαι D. 27.61; τὴν ἐφαπτίδα σ. τῇ σακκοπήρᾳ ἐν ᾗ ἐνῆν together with . . , PEnteux. 32.7, cf. 89.9 (iii B.C.); οἱ γραμματεῖς σ. τοῖς πρεσβυτέροις Ev.Luc. 20.1, cf. Ep.Gal. 5.24.

B. POSITION:—σύν sts. follows its case, Il. 10.19, Od. 9.332, 15.410. It freq. stands between Adj. and Subst., as Od. 11.359, Il. 9.194, etc.; more rarely between Subst. and Adj., Od. 13.258, Pi. P. 8.7.

2. freq. in tmesis in Hom., as Il. 23.687, Od. 14.296, etc.

3. in late Gr. σὺν καὶ c. dat., στεφανηφορήσας σ. καὶ Αὐρ. Ἰάσονι IG 12(7).259 (Amorgos, iii A.D.), cf. Supp.Epigr. 4.535 (Ephesus, ii/iii A.D.), Rev.Phil. 50.11 (Sardis, i/iii A.D.), CPR 26.16 (ii A.D.); cf. infr. C. 2.

C. σύν AS ADV., together, at once, κενεὰς σ. χεῖρας ἔχοντες Od. 10.42; mostly folld. by δέ or τε, σ. δὲ πτερὰ πυκνὰ λίασθεν Il. 23.879; σ. τε δύʼ ἐρχομένω 10.224 (cf. σύνδυο) ; ξ. τε διπλοῖ βασιλῆς S. Aj. 960 (lyr.). It is sts. hard to distinguish this from tmesis, e.g. in Il. 23.879; so ξὺν κακῶς ποιεῖν is = *ξυγκακοποιεῖν in Th. 3.13. In Old Testament Gr. it is sts. used to translate the Hebr. ʼēth (particle prefixed to the definite accus.) through confusion with the Prep. ʼēth ‘with’, ἐμίσησα σὺν τὴν ζωήν LXXEc. 2.17; οὐκ ἐμνήσθη σ. τοῦ ἀνδρός ib.9.15; ἔκτισεν ὁ θεὸς σὺν τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ σὺν τὴν γῆν Aq. Ge. 1.1, etc.

2. besides, also, σ. δὲ πλουτίζειν ἐμέ A. Ag. 586; σ. δʼ αὔτως ἐγώ S. Ant. 85, etc.; σ. δʼ ἐγὼ παρών Id. Aj. 1288, cf. El. 299; Δίρκα τε . . σ. τʼ Ἀσωπιάδες κόραι E. HF 785 (lyr.); in later Poetry σ. καί A.R. 1.74, Herod. 4.3, Nic. Th. 8, D.P. 843 (also in late Prose, Ath. 2.49a; cf. supr. B. 3).

D. IN COMPOS.

I. with, along with, together, at the same time, hence of any kind of union, connexion, or participation in a thing, and metaph. of agreement or unity. In Compos. with a trans. Verb σύν may refer to the Object as well as the Subject, as συγκατακτείνειν may mean kill one person as well as another, or, join with another in killing.

2. of the completion of an action, altogether, completely, as in συνάγνυμι, συνασκέω 2, συνθρύπτω, συγκόπτω, συμπατέω, συμπληρόω, συντελέω, συντέμνω; sts., therefore, it seems only to strengthen the force of the simple word.

3. joined with numerals, σύνδυο two together, which sense often becomes distributive, by twos, two and two; so σύντρεις, σύμπεντε, etc., like Lat. bini, terni, etc.

II. σύν in Compos., before β μ π φ ψ, becomes συμ-; before γ κ ξ χ, συγ-; before λ συλ-; before σ usu. συσ-; but becomes συ- before σ followed by a conson. (e.g. συστῆναι), before ζ, and perh. sts. before ξ. In a poet. passage, ap.Pl. Phdr. 237a, we have ξύμ alone in tmesi, ξύμ μοι λάβεσθε for συλλάβεσθέ μοι; cf. ὅτε ξὺμ πρῶτʼ ἐφύοντο Emp. 95: in Inscrr. and Papyri these assimilations are freq. not found.