4.4.1
Logeion
Perseus analyses of ἄρα:
ἄρα (there and then, straightway): indeclform (particle)
ἄρον (cuckoo-pint, Arum italicum): neut nom/voc/acc pl
ἄρᾱ,ἄρος (use, profit, help): neut nom/voc/acc pl (doric aeolic)
LSJ entries
ἄρᾰ
ἄρα
,
Ep.
ῥά
(which
is
enclitic
and
used
after
monosyllables,
ἦ,
ὅς,
γάρ,
etc.,
or
words
ending
in
a
vowel
or
diphthong,
e.g.
ἐπεί
),
before
a
consonant
ἄρ
(perh.
cf.
Lith.
iȓ
‘andʼ):
expressing
consequence,
then,
or
mere
succession,
there
and
then,
and
in
many
derived
uses.
A.
EARLIER
USAGE:
to
denote,
I.
immediate
transition,
there
and
then,
straightway,
ὣς
φάτο
βῆ
δʼ
ἄρʼ
Ὄνειρος
Il. 2.16
:
after
a
part.
,
ὣς
εἰπὼν
κατʼ
ἄρʼ
ἕζετο
1.68
,
al.;
πυθόμενος
.
.
εἶπε
ἄ.
Hdt. 4.134
,
cf.
9.9
;
ἐρωτώσης
τῆς
μητρὸς
ἀπεκρίνατο
ἄρα
X. Cyr. 1.3.2
;
with
other
Particles,
δέ,
ἦ,
ὡς,
etc.,
cf.
ὁ
δὲ
Ἀστυάγης
ἄ.
εἶπεν
ib.
4.10
:
also
after
Advbs.
of
Time,
τότε
δή
ῥα,
τῆμος
ἄρα,
etc.;
οὕτως
ἄρα
Pl. Phdr. 259b
;
often
in
apodosi,
as
αὐτὰρ
ἐπεὶ
δὴ
θηήσατο
.
.
αὐτίκʼ
ἄρʼ
ἤλυθεν
Od. 5.77
;
repeated
τὼ
μὲν
ἄρʼ
.
.
κεῖντο
ἡ
δʼ
ἄρʼ
.
.
ἀγόρευε
Il. 21.426
:
in
enumerations,
e.
g.
in
Homerʼs
catalogue,
then,
next,
οἱ
δʼ
ἄρʼ
Ἀθήνας
εἶχον
2.546
;
so
in
genealogies,
Σίσυφος
.
.
ὁ
δʼ
ἄ.
Γλαῦκον
τέκεθʼ
υἱόν
6.154
.
2.
to
draw
attention,
mark
you!
τὸν
τρεῖς
μὲν
ἐπιρρήσσεσκον
.
.
τῶν
ἄλλων
Ἀχιλεὺς
δʼ
ἄρʼ
ἐπιρρήσσεσκε
καὶ
οἶος
24.456
;
with
imper.,
ἀλλʼ
ἄγε
δὴ
κατʼ
ἄρʼ
ἕζευ
24.522
:
to
point
a
moral
or
general
statement,
φευγόντων
δʼ
οὔτʼ
ἂρ
κλέος
ὄρνυται
οὔτε
τις
ἀλκή
5.532
.
II.
connexion,
such
as,
1.
that
of
antecedent
and
consequent,
οἰνοχόει
.
.
ἄσβεστος
δʼ
ἄρʼ
ἐνῶρτο
γέλως
1.599
,
cf.
24.507
;
τοὔνεκʼ
ἄρʼ
ἄλγεʼ
ἔδωκε
1.96
;
freq.
with
οὕνεκα
in
protasi,
7.140
,
al.:
also
in
questions,
τίς
τʼ
ἄρ
τῶν
ὄχʼ
ἄριστος
ἔην;
who
then
(say
you)
was
. . ?
2.761
:
with
demonstr.
Pronoun
in
recapitulation,
ἀλλʼ
υἱὸν
Πριάμοιο
.
.
τόν
ῥʼ
Ὀδυσεὺς
βάλε
he
it
was,
whom
. . ,
4.501
:
freq.
in
such
phrases
as
ὣς
ἄρα
φωνήσας
2.35
,
al.;
ὣς
ἄρʼ
ἔφη
1.584
,
al.;
ἦ
ῥα
3.355
,
al.,
thus,
then
he
spoke.—This
usage
is
universal
in
Greek.
2.
explanation
of
that
which
precedes,
χωόμενον
κατὰ
θυμὸν
ἐϋζώνοιο
γυναικὸς
τήν
ῥα
.
.
ἀπηύρων
whom
(
and
for
this
cause
he
was
angry)
they
had
taken
away,
1.429
;
εἰ
μὴ
ὑπερφίαλον
ἔπος
ἔκβαλε
.
.
φῆ
ῥʼ
ἀέκητι
θεῶν
φυγέειν
for
he
said,
Od. 4.504
:
freq.
with
οὕνεκα
;
so
with
relatives,
ἐκ
δʼ
ἔθορε
κλῆρος
ὃν
ἄρʼ
ἤθελον
αὐτοί
the
very
one
which
. . ,
Il. 7.182
.
B.
LATER
USAGE,
always
with
inferential
force:
1.
in
drawing
conclusions
(more
subjective
than
οὖν
)
,
ἄριστον
ἄ.
ἡ
εὐδαιμονία
Arist. EN 1099a24
;
δῆλον
ἄ.
Id. Pol. 1295b33
;
in
pseudo-syllogistic
conclusions,
Id. SE 174b11
,
Rh. 1401a3
,
al.:
esp.
by
way
of
informal
inference,
as
it
seems,
οὐκ
ἄ.
σοί
γε
πατὴρ
ἦν
Πηλεύς
Il. 16.33
;
οὐδʼ
ἄ.
πως
ἦν
ἐν
πάντεσσʼ
ἔργοισι
δαήμονα
φῶτα
γενέσθαι
23.670
;
μάτην
ἄρʼ,
ὡς
ἔοικεν,
ἥκομεν
S. El. 772
;
οὕτω
κοινόν
τι
ἄ.
χαρᾷ
καὶ
λύπῃ
δάκρυά
ἐστιν
so
true
is
it
that
. . ,
X. HG 7.1.32
;
πολὺ
γὰρ
ἀμείνων
ἄ.
ὁ
τοῦ
ἀδίκου
ἢ
ὁ
τοῦ
δικαίου
βίος
Pl. R. 358c
;
ἦν
ἄ.
πυρός
γʼ
ἕτερα
.
.
θερμότερα
Ar. Eq. 382
;
ὦ
τλῆμον
ἀρετή,
λόγος
ἄρʼ
ἦσθα
Trag.Adesp.
374;
so
in
announcing
the
discovery
or
correction
of
an
error,
as
οὐκ
ἐννενοήκαμεν
ὅτι
εἰσὶν
ἄ.
. .
Pl. R. 375d
;
φαίνεται
πρὸ
ποδῶν
ἡμῖν
κυλινδεῖσθαι
καὶ
οὐχ
ἑωρῶμεν
ἄρʼ
αὐτό
ib.
432d
;
εἰκότως
ἄ.
οὐκ
ἐγίγνετο·
ὡς
γὰρ
ἐγὼ
νῦν
πυνθάνομαι
. .
X. An. 2.2.3
.
2.
in
questions,
expressing
the
anxiety
of
the
questioner,
τίς
ἄ.
ῥύσεται;
who
is
there
to
save
?
A. Th. 92
;
so
in
exclamations
to
heighten
the
expression
of
emotion,
οἵαν
ἄρʼ
ἥβην
.
.
ἀπώλεσεν
what
a
band
of
youth
was
that
. . !
Id. Pers. 733
;
so
ὡς
ἄρα
ib.
472
,
S. Fr. 577
;
τί
μʼ
ἄ.
τί
μʼ
ὀλέκεις;
Id. Ant. 1285
;
τί
οὖν
.
.
ἄ.
X. Oec. 6.2
;
πῶς
ἄ.;
οὕτως
ἄ.,
etc.;
ἄ.
alone,
ἔζης
ἄ.
S. Fr. 686
:
esp.
in
ironical
comments,
Ar. Av. 476
,
1371
,
etc.
3.
epexegetic,
namely,
ἐρῶ,
ὡς
ἄ.
. .
Pl. Tht. 152d
,
cf.
156e
.
4.
for
τοι
ἄρα,
τἄρα,
v.
sub
τοι
11.2
.
5.
εἰ
(or
ἐάν
)
μὴ
ἄ.
unless
perhaps,
Pl. Ap. 38b
,
D. 58.4
;
separated
from
εἰ
μή,
Id. 9.20
;
with
irony,
εἰ
μὴ
ἄ.
ἡ
τῆς
ἀρετῆς
ἐπιμέλεια
διαφθορά
ἐστιν
X. Mem. 1.2.8
.
6.
in
hypothetical
clauses,
to
indicate
the
improbability
of
the
supposition,
ἢν
ἄ.
ποτὲ
κατὰ
γῆν
βιασθῶσιν
Th. 1.93
,
etc.;
or
simply,
perhaps
(sts.
separated
from
εἰ
)
,
εἴ
τις
οὖν
ὑμῶν
ἄ.
.
.
ὑπελάμβανεν
D. 21.8
;
εἴ
τις
ἰδίᾳ
τινὰ
δεδιὼς
ἄ.
ἀπρόθυμός
ἐστιν
Th. 4.86
.
C.
IN
CRASIS,
freq.
τἄρα,
μεντἄρα,
οὐτἄρα
:
also
δήξομἄρα
for
δήξομαι
ἄ.,
Ar. Ach. 325
;
οἰμώξετἄρα,
κλαύσἄρα,
Id. Th. 248
,
Pax 532
:
also
in
Trag.,
E.
Hyps.Fr.
34.86.
D.
ἄρα
never
stands
first
in
the
sentence
in
Classical
Greek
(
Arist. Mech. 851a22
is
corrupt),
but
is
found
at
the
beginning
of
an
apodosis
in
Ev.Matt. 12.28
,
Ep.Rom. 10.17
,
and
first
in
a
sentence,
Ev.Luc. 11.48
,
Vett.Val. 305.20
;
in
conclusion
of
syllogism,
Herm.
ap.
Stob.
3.11.31.
ἄρον
ἄρον
,
τό
,
A.
cuckoo-pint,
Arum
italicum,
Arist. HA 600b11
,
Thphr. HP 1.6.10
,
Ph. Bel. 89.44
(pl.),
Ps.-
Dsc.
2.167.
II.
Egyptian
arum,
Colocasia
antiquorum,
Plin. HN 19.96
,
Gal.
6.650.
III.
=
δρακόντιον,
Thphr. HP 7.12.2
,
Phan.
ap.
Ath. 9.371d
.
IV.
Arum
Dioscoridis,
ἄ.
τὸ
καλούμενον
παρὰ
Σύροις
λοῦφα
Dsc.
2.167,
cf.
Gal.
11.839.
ἄρος
ἄρος
[
ᾰ],
εος
,
τό
,
A.
use,
profit,
help,
f.l.
in
A. Supp. 885
,
cf.
Hsch.
,
Eust. 1422.19
;
cf.
ἄρ-νυμαι.
2.
=
κοιλὰς
ἐν
αἷς
ὕδωρ
ἀθροίζεται
ὁμόριον,
Hsch.
3.
=
ἀκούσιον
βλάβος,
Id.;
cf.
ἀπαρές,
ἀπηρής.